Modernity development of architecture and urban planning during the Pahlavi Era has been more manifested in the physical aspects of the house rather than the semantic and content factors, which have been considerably changed and critical in the contemporary era. It can be claimed that the quality of residence and settlement of the house and the relationship between individuals and space have mainly changed since the Pahlavi Era. Like other developing countries, the renovation process became critical in Iran, and the cultural aspect was ignored in the economic and social planning despite the available few experiences. In that era, the architectural body that always was mixed with cultural concepts became separated from them. This study addresses the cultural factors, architecture, and urban rules affecting the physical changes in the houses constructed during Pahlavi I, Pahlavi II, and post-revolution periods. The main question asks how the changes in construction and renovation rules affect the pattern of houses in the Pahlavi Period, as well as the physical pattern of houses. This study aims to find the effect of evolutions in the spatial patterns of Iranian houses and the house construction and design rules as independent variables on the spatial features of modern houses as the dependent variable during two periods of Pahlavi (I and II) and after the revolution in Tehran. The data are collected through case studies and documentary samples. The research method is qualitative based on the historical-descriptive technique. The data summarization has been done based on the content analysis to assess the effective data and components. Finally, the examinations are done in the house patterns of each period. The results indicate that indicators of architectural patterns and construction rules have affected the different social classes in each period. The advent of modern architecture and laws of municipalities (that act as law enforcers) provided the field for such changes and evolutions. These rules led to some pattern changes and the loss of Iranian architectural indicators due to their imposed restrictions. Moreover, the government-people-architects convergence played a vital role in urban and architectural modernization and evolution.

Concrete is the most widely-used material in civil engineering and often contains the cheapest and most common matter. It can therefore cause irreparable damages due to cracks and fractures. The creation of fibre-reinforced concrete in recent years has largely rectified the aforementioned shortcomings. This study uses the direct crack Brazilian disk test to evaluate fracture toughness and crack propagation in fibre-free and glass fibre concrete samples in 0.2, 0.35 and 0.5 volume percentages. Moreover, fracture toughness and crack propagation from pre-existing cracks were calculated for samples in mode I, mode II, and mixed mode (I-II). The samples were subjected to the Brazilian disk test at 0, 15, 28.83, 45, 60, 75 and 90-degree angles relative to the pre-existing crack’s trajectory. Laboratory investigations showed that the wing crack at sub 75-degree (0

Determination of microalbuminuria is a diagnostic biomarker for prediction of clinical nephropathy in diabetes.Over a period of 6 months overnight (12 hours) urinary albumin excretion (UAE) rate was measured in 90 diabetic patients with 36 type I and 54 type II diabetic and 40 nondiabetic subjects as control in the same age group. The fate of UAE between 20 - 200, µg/min was therefore defined as microalbuminuria. The findings suggest that incidence of microalbuminuria were 29.1% in type II and 41.2% in type I and macroalbuminuria was.24.1% in type II diabetics.There was a positive correlation between UAE rate and duration of diabetes, (type I: r=0.23, type II: r=0.27) also the level of HbAlc and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in diabetic patients with  microalbuminuria is higher than diabetic patients without microalbuminuria. (p<0.05)In addition diabetic complication such as retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy was more common in diabetics with microalbuminuria. Due to the high incidence of microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria it is recommended to measure urine albumin as a control method with a sensitive technique.

Domination mechanisms are product and producer of knowledge and historical narrations. Subalterns as objects of control and power exertion are represented but have not their own voice or own history. Subaltern history cannot be reconstructed through state archives and government documents, because these documents are selected to provide the mainstream narration. Existing representations hinder other possible ways of thought and alternative narrations. Thus, for a construction of subaltern narration, beyond existing representations, fragments and traces should be investigated. In Pahlavi I era, Iranian tribes faced suppression and compulsory settlement, but this violent suppression of further than a quarter of Iran population is not shown in nationalist histories and are summarized under security issues and they have silenced the issue. Urban nationalist elites and state ideology through representing Iran Tribes as source of insurgency, have legitimized their violent suppression. This study has selected the poems of a prisoner in Pahlavi I era, Agha 'Enayat Jvanroyi, as a fragment of these subalterns' history and using Hermeneutic method tries to criticize existing representations and reconstruct an alternative narration through this trace and fragment of subaltern voice.

The thinkers and theorists in development have proposed various theories on the non-convergent path of development in different societies. In line with this, as one of new institutionalists North studied the transition from Limited Access Order (LAO) (i. e., Natural State) to Open Access Order (OAO) by emphasizing the violence concept. In this paper, it is tried to investigate the institutional barriers to Iran's transition from the Natural State (NS) during the second Pahlavi era; therefore, an analytic narrative is presented about elements such as the official political institutions, formal economic institutions, major domestic superordinates and the rent resources during this period using the Governance Diamond Index (GDI). Hence, this time span is divided into two different periods, namely Fragile Limited Access Order (FLAO) and Basic Limited Access Order (BLAO), and the interaction among ruling coalition members is studied using GDI. Although Iran experienced BLAO in this period, the historical evidence shows the major issue was that this country not only did not move toward OAO, its conditions even led to FLAO and eventually chaos after undergoing a period of BLAO. The results of this study illustrate that the country was exposed to continuous violence due to lack of a coalition among superordinates, the domination of personal relationships over all affairs, and the non-productive distribution of rents under the shadow of increased oil revenues and foreign aid.

The first Pahlavi government's attempt to change the social and cultural status of women in the individual and social sphere brought attention to women's sport. The Ettela’ at Newspaper, which as a government-affiliated body, played a significant role in advancing Pahlavi's cultural and social programs, also addressed the issue of women's entry into the sport, and throughout the first Pahlavi period encouraged Women tried exercise. This article seeks to answer the question of how the Ettela’ at Newspaper tried to promote women's sport in traditional Iranian society in the period of the Pahlavi I. The findings of the research show that the Ettela’ at Newspaper during Reza Shah period, had a significant role in publicizing women's sport in the society by articles on the benefits of sport for women and reporting the women's cultural and sport events and activities in Iran and around the world. The most important topics the newspaper focused on in women's sports were: Changing society's attitude towards women's sport, emphasizing the importance of sport as a major factor in health, emphasizing the increasing impact of sport on Facial Beauty and fitness, emphasizing sport education by introducing appropriate sports and training them.

In Sistan province Land has always been one of the most important factors of historical events and changes, so that during the centuries it has caused an ancient, consistent, everlasting landholding system conforming to the environmental, social and economic situations. This process had continued to Naser-al-dinshah time in the beginning of his era, lands of Sistan have been announced as properties owned by the government and were rented to the military generals and tribal chiefs (special tenants). With this change all different kinds of ownerships were deleted. This method had practiced till 1311 of solar year (1932), but in that year by the government order some changes have been made in that method and lands of Sistan were announced as rental shares and were given to the native residents of Sistan province (public tenants). This method of tenancy had governed the land system of that area for 5 years from 1311-1316 (1932-1937). In 1316 (1937) the cabinet had approved the law of selling the lands of Sistan province, but this action had not ended the problems of lands and regional quarrels and had some consequences. Those endeavors had coincided the government's efforts to reduce the power of military general landholders. In general the changes of land ownership in Sistan in Pahlavi I era can be categorized in three periods, tenancy, managing, and private. In this essay it has been tried to answer these questions: Why land reforms were made by Pahlavi I? What were the backgrounds and basis of land reform? What were the consequences of land reform and how the roles of land holders in the changes of this period are analyzed.

The use of agents familiar with the new government structures was one of the urgent needs of the Pahlavi regime. One of the agents who played an important role in the structural changes at this time was Ali Akbar Davar. The 15years of Davar's attempts at the formation and continuation of the Pahlavi government were not happy ending of him at all. The claim of this research is that the suicide of Davar is based on his relationship with Reza Shah. Since methodological research has not been carried out in explaining suicide of Davar and his relations with Reza Shah, This research seeks to do this for the first time, utilizing the personality typing model. The relationship between Reza Shah and Davar in the long run was based on both the mutual needs and the personality traits of both. While Reza Shah needed specialist Davar skills and Davar needed a strong supporter, they confirmed each other; however, the nature of Pahlavi's personality became more evident after using Davar's managerial skills at the time of the Ministry of Justice. Reza Shah, who, unlike Davar, was considered “ Sensor" and "Judger" typologically. He was more interested in objective propositions and immediate results which disrupted Davar for not having succeeded in his economic projects during the post of Ministry of Finance. Unlike Reza Shah, Davar who was "intuitive" and believed in long-term plans for solving economic problems, was unable to resist Shah's constant pressure and ultimately suicided.

Background and Aim: The process of changing the administrative, social and economic structure of Iran in the Pahlavi I era tended towards modernization. The health and medical structure of Iran underwent fundamental changes during this period. Institutions in charge of health were managed under the supervision of the General Directorate of Health and later the General Directorate of Health. Schools of dentistry, pharmacy, school of medicine and school of midwifery were managed under the supervision of the medical school. Hospitals and other medical centers continued to work under the supervision of the Health Department, and with the establishment of the Ministry of Health in 1320, the person in charge of public health was transferred from the General Department of Health to the Ministry of Health. These changes were aimed at modernizing Iran's medical structure. Methods: This research, using the descriptive-analytical method and using library sources, seeks to find an answer about the bureaucratization of the medical structure of Iran during the Pahlavi I era period. Ethical Considerations: This research was conducted solely by relying on library sources and archival documents, and the principles of trustworthiness and honesty of citing the used texts, originality of sources and avoiding bias in referring to texts or analyzes were observed. Results: During the Pahlavi I era, structural reforms were carried out in political, administrative, economic and cultural fields and these reforms were more manifested in the field of consolidating and modernizing health and medical institutions in Iran. Renovation and consolidation of health institutions in Iran during the Pahlavi I era not only led to the improvement and increase of the efficiency of these institutions, but also continued to a higher trend and in the Pahlavi II era, this process continued and more institutions and organizations were established in this field. Conclusion: It seems that by consolidating institutions such as (school of pharmacy, school of dentistry and school of midwifery) in an institution such as medical school and administration of hospitals under the supervision of the General Directorate of Health, the institutions in charge of health and medical sciences were organized.